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      <span class="active">MRV Framework</span>
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    <h1 class="font-display mb-3">Measurement, Reporting &amp;<br> Verification (MRV) Framework</h1>
    <p>Decision 2/CP.15 requests countries to develop national forest monitoring systems that support MRV.</p>
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      <div class="mrv-intro">
        <p>The Decision 2/CP.15 of the UNFCCC countries are requested to develop national forest monitoring systems (NFMS) that support the functions of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of actions and achievements of the implementation of REDD+ activities.</p>
        <p>Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework involves a collaboration of multi-agencies. National experts developed the procedures and modalities for activity data generation and monitoring. Likewise, emission factors are derived from the National Forest Inventory and permanent sampling plots.</p>
        <p>In this sense, accurate MRV of REDD Plus actions is vital to making sure that the overall mechanism delivers results in terms of emissions reductions. Whenever a REDD Plus action is undertaken, its results are verified by:</p>
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      <ul class="mrv-intro" style="list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 1rem 0">
        <li style="display:flex;gap:.75rem;align-items:flex-start;padding:.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e2ddd0"><span style="width:28px;height:28px;flex:0 0 28px;background:var(--green-800);color:#fff;border-radius:50%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:700;font-size:.8rem">1</span><span>measuring its impact in terms of reducing emissions</span></li>
        <li style="display:flex;gap:.75rem;align-items:flex-start;padding:.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e2ddd0"><span style="width:28px;height:28px;flex:0 0 28px;background:var(--green-800);color:#fff;border-radius:50%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:700;font-size:.8rem">2</span><span>monitoring the action or project with the aid of the <strong>National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS)</strong></span></li>
        <li style="display:flex;gap:.75rem;align-items:flex-start;padding:.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e2ddd0"><span style="width:28px;height:28px;flex:0 0 28px;background:var(--green-800);color:#fff;border-radius:50%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:700;font-size:.8rem">3</span><span>reporting these results through submissions to the UNFCCC</span></li>
        <li style="display:flex;gap:.75rem;align-items:flex-start;padding:.5rem 0"><span style="width:28px;height:28px;flex:0 0 28px;background:var(--green-800);color:#fff;border-radius:50%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:700;font-size:.8rem">4</span><span>applying a domestic verification process</span></li>
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      <p class="mrv-intro mb-0">The MRV framework for REDD Plus achieves these functions by pooling the resources of agencies at the national and state levels.</p>
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  </section>

  <section class="content-section">
    <h2 class="section-title">MRV Institution Functions</h2>
    <div class="table-responsive">
      <table class="mrv-table">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>MRV Function</th>
            <th>Institution</th>
            <th>Function</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Measurement</td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Forest Research Institute Malaysia</li>
                <li>Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia</li>
                <li>Sabah Forestry Department</li>
                <li>Forest Department Sarawak</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Periodic ground based measurement through the National Forest Inventory</li>
                <li>Growth and Yield Plots and research plots</li>
                <li>Technical advisory on reference levels/ emission factors</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Monitoring</td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Remote Sensing Department</li>
                <li>Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM)</li>
                <li>Sabah Forestry Department</li>
                <li>Sarawak Forest Department</li>
                <li>State Departments of Agriculture</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Updating National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) land use maps</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Reporting</td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>NRES</li>
                <li>Forest Research Institute Malaysia</li>
                <li>Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia</li>
                <li>Sabah Forestry Department</li>
                <li>Sarawak Forest Department</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Reference levels and periodic submissions to UNFCCC (NRES)</li>
                <li>Maintaining a technical annex for results based payments (NRES)</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Verification</td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Malaysia Timber Certification Council (MTCC)</li>
                <li>LULUCF Experts Working Group</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>Implement domestic verification processes through the forest certification</li>
                <li>Verification of results</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Biennial Update Report – International Consultation and Analysis (ICA) Process</td>
            <td>
              <ul>
                <li>UNFCCC</li>
              </ul>
            </td>
            <td></td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
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  </section>

  <section class="content-section">
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      <h2 class="section-title">National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS)</h2>
      <p class="mrv-intro mb-0">The NFMS provides the technical backbone for MRV, integrating satellite monitoring, ground-based inventory, and data management systems to track forest carbon stocks and emissions over time.</p>
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